Fin 419 Week 5 Team Assignment with Answers

Principles of Managerial Finance FIN/419 P12. 4 Break even analysis. Barry Carter is considering opening a music store. He wants to estimate the number of CDs he must sell to break even. The CDs will be sold for $13. 98 each, variable operating costs are $10. 48 per CD, and annual fixed operating costs are $73,500. A) Find the operating breakeven point in number of CDs. Q= FC / P- VC Q= 73,500 / 13. 98 – 10. 48 Q= 21,000 CDs B) Calculate the total operating costs at the breakeven volume found in part a. EBIT= Q x (P – VC) – FC EBIT= 21,000 x (13. 98 – 10. 48) – 73,500 EBIT= 21,000 x 3. 5 – 73,500 EBIT= 0 C) If Barry estimates that at a minimum he can sell 2,000 CDs per month, should he go into the music business? 2,000 CDs per month x 12 months = 24,000 CDs. Since the operating breakeven point in number of CDs is 21,000, this means that Barry will sell 3,000 more CDs that will be a profit. Depending on Barry’s outcome of the music store, if he were to go into the music business and sell 2,000 CDs a month, he would make a profit. The profit would not be that much more above the operating breakeven point; however, it will still be a profit. I would take the chance and go into the music business. D) How much EBIT will Barry realize if he sells the minimum 2,000 CDs per month noted in part c? EBIT= Q x (P – VC) – FC EBIT= 24,000 x (13. 98 – 10. 48) – 73,500 EBIT= 24,000 x 3. 5 – 73,500 EBIT= 10,500 P12-11 a. $0. 38 b. $1. 28 c. $1. 94 Ebit| | | | $24,600| $30,600| $35,000| less interest| | | $9,600| $9,600| $9,600| Net profits before taxes| | $15,000| $21,000| $25,400| Les Taxes| | | | $6,000| $8,400| $10,160| Net profits after taxes| | $9,000| $12,600| $15,240| Less preferred stock dividends| $7,500| $7,500| $7,500| Earings available for common| | $1,500| $5,100| $7,740| Earings per share| | | $0. 8| $1. 28| $1. 94| | | | | a| b| c| P12-24. : Integrative–optimal capital structure Intermediate a. Debt Ratio| 0%| | 15%| | 30%| | 45%| | 60%| EBIT| $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| Less: Interest| 0| | 120,000| | 270,000| | 540,000| | 900,000| EBT| $2,000,000| | $1,880,000| | 1,730,000| | $1,460,000| | $1 ,100,000| ? Taxes @40%| 800,000| | 752,000| | 692,000| | 584,000| | 440,000| Net profit| $1,200,000| | $1,128,000| | $1,038,000| | $ 876,000| | $ 660,000| Less: Preferred dividends| 200,000| | 200,000| | 200,000| | 200,000| | 200,000| Profits available to ?common stock| $1,000,000| | $ 928,000| | $ 838,000| | $ 676,000| | $ 460,000| # shares outstanding| 200,000| | 170,000| | 140,000| | 110,000| | 80,000| EPS| $ 5. 00| | $ 5. 46| | $ 5. 99| | $ 6. 15| | $ 5. 75| b. Debt: 0%Debt: 15% Debt: 30%Debt: 45% Debt: 60% c. The optimal capital structure would be 30% debt and 70% equity because this is the debt/equity mix that maximizes the price of the common stock. Chapter 16 Problem 16. For each of the loan amounts, interest rates, annual payments, and loan terms shown in the following table, calculate the annual interest paid each year over the term of the loan, assuming that the payments are made at the end of each year. Loan| Amount| Rate| Annual Payment| Term (in years)| Interest Paid Y ear 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Year 5| Year 6| A| $14,000| 10%| $4,416| 4 | $1400| $1098. 40| $766. 64| $401. 70| | | B| 17,500| 12%| 10,355| 2| 2100| 1109. 40| | | | | C| 2,400| 13%| 1,017| 3| 312| 220. 35| 116. 79| | | | D| 49,000| 14%| 14,273| 5| 6860| 5822. 18| 4639. 06| 3290. 31| 1752. 3| | E| 26,500| 16%| 7191| 6| 4240| 3767. 84| 3220. 13| 2584. 80| 1847. 80| 992. 89| Problem 16. 5 Lease versus purchase Northwest Lumber Company needs to expand its facilities. To do so, the firm must acquire a machine costing $80,000. The machine can be leased or purchased. The firm is in the 40% tax bracket, and its after-tax cost of debt is 9%. The terms of the lease and purchase plans are as follows: Lease The leasing arrangement requires end-of-year payments of $19,800 over 5 years. All maintenance costs will be paid by the lessor; insurance and other costs will be borne by the lessee. The lessee will exercise its option to purchase the asset for $24,000 at termination of the lease. Purchase If the firm purchases the machine, its cost of $80,000 will be financed with a 5-year, 14% loan requiring equal end-of-year payments of $23,302. The machine will be depreciated under MACRS using a 5-year recovery period. (See Table 3. 2 on page 108 for the applicable depreciation percentages. ) The firm will pay $2,000 per year for a service contract that covers all maintenance costs; insurance and other costs will be borne by the firm. The firm plans to keep the equipment and use it beyond its 5-year recovery period. a. Determine the after-tax cash outflows of Northwest Lumber under each alternative. Year| Lease after-tax outflows| Purchase after-tax outflows| 1| $11,880| $13,622| 2| 11,880| 10,459. 71| 3| 11,880| 15,391. 10| 4| 11,880| 18,512. 89| 5| 35,880| 19,516. 93| b. Find the present value of each after-tax cash outflow stream, using the after-tax cost of debt. Year| PV of outflows (Lease)| PV of outflows (Purchase)| 1| $10,893. 96| $12,491. 37| 2| 10,002. 96| 8,807| 3| 9,171. 6| 11,881. 93| 4| 8,411. 04| 13,107. 13| 5| 23,322| 12,686. 00| Total| $61,801. 32| $58,973. 51| c. Which alternative—lease or purchase—would you recommend? Why? The alternative that I would recommend is the purchase option because it has the lower present value of after-tax cash outflows as well as the most desirable. It is the most desirable because by purchasing the machine would be a less costly alternative. Reference s Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of Managerial Finance (12th ed. ). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx.

Bottle vs breastfeeding Essay

As a nurse, I will tell the young mother that breastfeeding is always better than bottle feeding. As a new parent, it is her responsibility to make sure her baby will get off to a good nutritional start. Breastfeeding does have its’ benefits. There is no doubt that breastfeeding contains all the nutrients your baby needs for proper growth and development. Studies prove that breast milk provides optimal health benefits for your newborn. Mother’s milk is easily digested, has perfectly matched nutrition for the baby, and is filled with antibodies that protect against infection. Furthermore, breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from ear infections, diaper rash, and intestinal upsets. In addition, breast milk offers immune system boosters and fatty acids specific to humans that promote optimal brain growth. Not only does breastfeeding benefit your baby, it has many advantages for you. Breastfeeding is convenient. There is no need to get out of bed at 2 a.m. to prepare a bottle. All you have to do is hold your baby to your chest and feed. Next, breastfeeding is very economical. Since breast milk is self- produced, you don’t need money to buy an endless supply of food. Last, breastfeeding is helpful in the process of returning your body to its normal state. While feeding, hormones are produced that make your organs contract into their natural size. One con about breastfeeding is that nursing is definitely time-consuming. A newborn baby typically feed every 2 to 3 hours during the day and may awaken frequently at night. Another con is breastfeeding takes a lot of energy for your body to make milk, so the mother can often feel quite fatigued. Another con is sometimes mothers have physical problems like mastitis, plugged milk ducts and engorgement if the baby is not feeding frequently or properly. If you are a working mother you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks . 1 What if she has to return to work? Like I said, if you are a working mother, you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks. But, to breastfeed you will have to find time  during the day, during the afternoon, during the evening, and if possible at night to pump. 2 Should people be allowed to breastfeed in public eg a restaurant? So , if you are eating in a restaurant, should your baby eat from the breast? Yes, mothers should be allowed to breastfeed in public, even at a restaurant. Breastfeeding is completely natural, and it should be acceptable. Breasts were not intended for sex; they were intended to be used to breastfeed whenever and wherever the baby needs to be fed. Yes, it may be inappropriate if an entire breast is shown, but most mothers take caution in not exposing all of themselves. They are simply trying to feed their child. 3 What if the patient is from a third world country? I would give the same advice to a third world country mother, as I would to an American mother. I would not discriminate. So, she is from a third world country, to be talking to me she is in America now and there are plenty of free nutritional programs for her and her baby to take part in. I would still advise breastfeeding her baby. 4 Is there a federal/state law that governs breastfeeding? Section 7(r) of the Fair Labor Standards Act – Break Time for Nursing Mothers Provision President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on March 30, 2010. (See the combined full text of Public Laws 111-148 and 111-152 here.) Among many provisions, Section 4207 of the law amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 (29 U.S. Code 207) to require an employer to provide reasonable break time for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for one year after the child’s birth each time such employee has need to express milk. The employer is not required to compensate an employee receiving reasonable break time for any work time spent for such purpose. The employer must also provide a place, other than a bathroom, for the employee to express breast milk. If these requirements impose undue hardship, an employer that employs fewer than 50 employees is not subject to these requirements. The federal requirements shall not preempt a state law that provides greater protections to employees. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx 5 Does men have a different opinion about breastfeeding as compared to women? I could not find a difference of opinion on breastfeeding by men. I read  where most men support breastfeeding. Most men found breastfeeding to be healthier for baby and mother. Most men find that breastfeeding saves them a lot of money. Most of them do not mind their wives breastfeeding in public too. 6 Should you heat a bottle in a microwave? The microwave changes the molecular structure of whatever you heat up in there. Breastmilk has essential nutrients that your baby can benefit from so you don’t want to deprive your baby from that! I would say to not take any chances. Take the extra time for the benefit of your baby and run the bottle under warm water or put it in a bowl of warm water or get a bottle warmer. It is not advised to heat up formula or breastmillk in microwave. I wouldn’t risk it. (7) Should you put a child to bed with a bottle in his/her mouth? Letting your baby go to sleep in his crib with a bottle of milk or juice is not a good idea. Not only will your child come to depend on having a bottle to get to sleep, but leaving a bottle in your sleeping baby’s mouth can cause tooth decay. There is a chance your baby may choke and it also can be the cause of a chronic ear infection. When a baby drinks lying flat on their back the milk can flow through their ear cavity causing infection. It is not recommended to put a bottle in the crib with the baby. I suggest a pacifier. That might be a better alternative. References: Breast vs. Bottlefeeding. (2008, May 19). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:08, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breast-vs-bottlefeeding Examine best practice in breastfeeding.. (2004, January 11). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/examine-best-practice-breastfeeding Breastfeeding and the Workplace. (2004, March 01). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breastfeeding-and-workplace http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx

Individual Case Study Assignment (4,000 words) Business Synoptic Essay

Individual Case Study Assignment (4,000 words) Business Synoptic - Essay Example ook at the use of the supply chain management by Wal-Mart to enhance not only its competitive strategy but also its strategic management accounting approach. This is achieved by improving efficiency, having faster distribution and maintaining quality fresh merchandise in all the regional operations. As illustrated in the case study, Wal-Mart has devised two distinct strategic management approaches that are interlinked and hence compatible to the firm’s overall strategy as set by its founder Sam Walton of providing high quality products at affordable prices. These include competitive strategy and strategic management accounting (SMA). There are four major elements involved in Wal-Mart’s strategic management approach. These include situation analysis, strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation (Bivens, 2006). A company’s main competitive strategy is generally based on devising methods that can bring about a competitive advantage to its market segment (Johnson et al, 2006, Pg.242). On the other hand, SMA is concerned with providing and appraising a company with appropriate accounting information on its business operations as well as its rivals that can be utilised strategically in decision-making. According to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), management accounting is ‘the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources’ (Caplan, 2004, Pg.1). Irwin and Clark (2006, Pg.2) identify Wal-Mart’s effective utilisation of ‘cost-saving technologies’ and advanced supply chain management is one of the key elements in the firms enviable growth. They also cite Wal-Mart global strategy, which has assisted the firm in its expansion, ease of trading, and technology. Wal-Mart is able to effectively utilise its efficient

A Response to Amess Fast Food Isnt to Blame Essay

A Response to Amess Fast Food Isnt to Blame - Essay Example It is apparent that the author considers that it is the people’s own fault why they end up with excessive fat deposits in their body. The opinion of the author as articulated in the essay is it is always up to people to choose what to purchase and eat. People get fat because of not being responsible for their own decisions. The blame should not be put on the fast foods but should be placed on the individuals. The entire portion of the article is dedicated on discussing Ames’s points of view regarding fast food and weight concerns. As stated, about two-thirds of American population is noted to be overweight (297). This is a very large number, indeed. But despite this huge recorded number, I definitely agree with that claim for this is supported by Flegal, Carroll, Odgen and Johnson (1723-1727). For them, the overweight in all sectors of American population remains to increase. Unfortunately, like just what Ames has pointed out in the article, majority of the Americans co nsider the fast food chains for being liable on why the population has become affected by more body fats or even making them obese. There are even two teenagers that have come up to a moment where they accuse McDonalds for the excessive fats deposits in their body. And certainly, as showed in the essay, it is one faulty accusation made by these people. As R.A. Ames (279) has expressed, people live in this free land in which individuals are not coerced to decide but everything is up to their own preferences. However, the author also has claimed that this freedom has to be accountable for whatever choices they make as well as whatever the outcome of that decision is. Freedom does not mean people have to put the blame on others when the outcomes of the decisions people make are something not expected and something not liked. For me, my stand is harmonious with Ames. I greatly tend to agree with that statement for the reason that people are what they eat. People are free individuals who are free to make their own choices. All the options can be seen right before people’s eyes but what they consider to do is always up to themselves like what they prefer, what they want to buy, and most especially what they want to eat. As argued by Ames (296), the food they prefer to have inside their stomachs are because of what individuals’ hands have inserted inside their mouths. I also consider this point proper because, like for example, there are various options on where people can eat. There are fast food chains, restaurants and even one’s home. Inside these mentioned places to eat, people are offered several options of food to choose from. There are many food choices. Nobody is forced to eat something they don’t want to. It is not the case that people are forced to eat the menus given by fast food. People are free to think carefully and most especially, they are free to be responsible for their own decisions. When individuals get fat, it is not t he fast food’s liability but it is them to blame for they choose to eat those foods. Just like what Freakonomics has articulated on correlation against causation, fast food is just correlated on why people get fat but it is certainly not the cause for there is another variable that causes why individuals become overweight. The cause is nothing but the people themselves for not being responsible for their own actions in terms of the food that they want to eat and for not being careful enough for their own bodies. In addition to that, Freakonomics has also highlighted that conventional wisdom

To what extent is physical beauty an indicator of mate quality Essay

To what extent is physical beauty an indicator of mate quality - Essay Example One commonality however remains in looks which remains something that can be studied in depth within the length of this paper. What this paper will also explore the societal representation of what it remarks as the present day value hierarchies and how people have positively and/or negatively joined on to the bandwagon which is regarded as the physical beauty construct in order to choose a mate of their own choice. It is derived from an aspect of beauty and looks rather than focusing on personality and character. Physical attractiveness is a very important element within the mate selection quarters. This is because beauty has always been the bone of contention amongst different people. They have regarded beauty as being the epitome of quality within the mate of their choice. And hence a soul mate is usually the one who appeals to them from the beauty aesthetics point of view more than anything else. This is important for them since it raises their ego, gives them an advantage point over other individuals that they have the best spouse, and more than anything else, makes them realize that they would have to live with a beautiful/handsome individual for the rest of their lives (Black 2004). Their role within the mate selection is therefore focused on quality, which comes directly under the aegis of beauty and physical attraction, more than the personality that an individual might possess. Beauty is known to be a hidden tenet within the minds and hearts of the people and takes a lot of time for people to comprehend yet physical attraction is something which easily triggers a positive response when it comes to discerning the mate quality. Mate selection has thus become a very important subject to comprehend and more so in the present times, when a lot of emphasis is on having the perfect match possible. However, unfortunately the whole focus is on physical attraction rather than

Plant research and faulty arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant research and faulty arguments - Essay Example By mid 21st century, the population will have increased by more than three billion people and the worst truth is that majority of these people are continuously being born in countries experiencing water shortages. By the year 2020, expectations are that the population will hit twenty two billion, figures that are more than high. Ideally, there water conservation is mandatory, therefore, so that these people will not experience water shortages owing to discovery that the emerging worldwide water shortage threatening (Consolver 17). Another argument used by people who waste water is that there can never be water exhaustion, as the oceans can never dry up. This is a faulty reasoning because it there have been sayings that the world may actually run out of water before running out of oil. Moreover, of all the water on earth, only three percent is fresh water and the most of it is frozen (Consolver 16). Another faulty reason given by people who waste water is that their usage is not a waste as their usage is for basic needs. People should give water a second thought. A single toilet flush uses three gallons of water. A ten minute shower uses up fifty gallons of water. There is consumption of forty gallons of water any other time someone loads laundry. Such statistics definitely speak serious message to all. People should find ways of minimizing the amount of water used. The water used up in watering lawns is also another factor contributing to the water shortages experienced in parts of the world. People should invest in drought-tolerant crops that require less amount of water for survival (Consolver 16). The Sedum rubrotinctum is an example of drought-tolerant vegetation that gradually grows into a beautiful mat like vegetation. It survives very well with an occasional watering and it is an excellent soil holder. The plant resembles a mat of succulent herbs with fleshy club shaped leaves that are red tinged at the tip

Hilton Worldwide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hilton Worldwide - Assignment Example The company has business operation in 88 countries through 3,800 hotels which offer 6301,000 rooms to its worldwide customers. The company dedicated to provide an exceptional experience to the millions of travellers stay every year with it different brands of hotels and resorts. Hilton Hotels and Resort is most important brand of Hilton Worldwide group which carry the brand recognition of the mother company Hilton Worldwide along with its own brand value. Hilton Hotels and Resort recognized as international hotel chain that includes many hotels and resort across the world. The brand has market presence in 540 locations in 78 countries. It provides contemporary and authentic hospitality services to the guests across the world. The core values and the USP this brand are thoughtful amenities, smart design; innovative dining options that makes this brand a global leader in the hospitality industry. The company has continuous focus on both the leisure travellers and business travellers in the locations where it presents. The company follows similar service design and locations in all the cities like it present near airports and major city centres in all the cities (Hilton Hotels $ Resorts, 2012). ... This journey of the company has been possible by the efficient and unique development strategies like the local know-how and field tested process that assists its business partners or the franchisee holders to effective develop and manage a business with global exposure and experiences. For developing a unique3 service design in all the properties i.e. hotels and resorts of it business partners, it assists to design, building, managing the property of the franchisee holders and other companies who wants to become a business partners and to gain global business experiences. The company is dedicated to provide all solutions to its business partners by its innovative expertise which has made this a leading brand in the worldwide hospitality industry. The company four different innovative divisions or group that has been simultaneously working together for development of this brand in terms of new franchisee acquisition in the different location of the world and they also provide all typ es of solution from construction of hotels and resorts to management services. These four efficient aspects of its total service to the business partners are performance advantage, architecture and construction, owner information services and Hilton management services. Performance advantage service is an innovative and integrated system which provides advanced technology and innovative solutions to the customers as well as the business partners. This service drives the business growth of this company through reduction of cost of cost services without hampering the quality the services it provides. Performance advantage services include seven different kind of innovative services which are Hilton HHonors, Hilton worldwide sales, reservation

Diploma in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Diploma in Management - Essay Example A control system is necessary in an organisation in which activities of certain departments, divisions and sections needs to be coordinated and controlled. Most control systems are past-action-oriented and consequently are inefficient or fail. For example, there is little an employee can do today to correct the results of actions completed two weeks ago. Steering controls, on the other hand, are future-oriented and allow adjustments to be made to get back on course before the control period ends. They therefore establish a more motivating climate for the employee. Although many standards or controls are simply estimates of what should occur if certain assumptions are correct, they take on a precision in today's control system that leaves little or no margin for error. Managers would be better off establishing a range rather than a precise number and changing standards as time passes and assumptions prove erroneous. This would be fairer and would positively motivate employees. There are three fundamental beliefs underlying most successful control systems. Virtual organisations are small, core organisations that out source major business functions. In structural terms, the virtual organisation is highly centralised with little or no departmentalization. The example of a virtual structure is today's movie making organisations. ... This would be fairer and would positively motivate employees. There are three fundamental beliefs underlying most successful control systems. First, planning and control are the two most closely interrelated management functions. Second, the human side of the control process needs to be stressed as much as, if not more than, the tasks or 'numbers crunching' side. Finally, evaluating, coaching, and rewarding are more effective in the long term than measuring, comparing, and pressuring or penalizing. Management Control in a virtual structured organisation vs. vertical organisation. Virtual Organisation: Virtual organisations are small, core organisations that out source major business functions. In structural terms, the virtual organisation is highly centralised with little or no departmentalization. The example of a virtual structure is today's movie making organisations. In Hollywood's golden era, movies were made by huge vertically structured organisations. Companies such as MGM, Warner Brothers and 20th Century Fox owned large movie areas and employed thousands of full time specialists like set designers, camera people, film editors, directors and even actors. Nowadays most movies are made by a collection of individuals and small companies who come together and make films project by project. This structural form allows each project to be staffed with the talent most suited to its demands, rather than having to choose just from those people the studio has employed. It minimizes bureaucratic overhead since there is no lasting organisation to maintain. And it lessens long term risk and their costs because there is no long

See order instructions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

See order instructions - Assignment Example Krishna then tells Arjuna that it is his right to fight. He uses the following arguments; Arjuna is a Kshatriya, and so it is his dharma to fight if he disobeys he will suffer bad karma. The other argument is that the soldiers he will kill will not die, and only their bodies will die. Finally, if he refuses to fight the soldiers will die in some other way (Hindu worldviews, p.12). According to the author, the Gita justifies war based on the arguments of Krishna. Also in the Gita there are certain rules about war that are similar to the Western just war principles but justified differently. Most of the Hindu rulers have used war and most of the citizens have supported it. However, from the author most Hindus believe Ahimsa is against both animal sacrifice and war. The best-known anti-war Hindus were Vinoba Bhave and Mohandas K. Gandhi. The author also demonstrates that ‘just war’ which is the use of war to finish a war or injustice as advocated Arjuna by Krishna, shows that the end justifies the means. Gandhi reversed the order and claimed that the means justify the end. Gandhi interpreted the Gita as a spiritual message dealing with the inner human struggle and not external war (Hindu worldviews, p.14). According to the author, Gandhi had an idea that after the end of a war there will be many deaths, and the situation will be worse than it was. He also saw that Arjuna had selfish favoritism since he was not opposed to war he was just opposed to killing his relatives. Therefore, if war were acceptable, he could also kill his relatives. On the other hand, Vinoba noted that Gita teaches about the worship of God and service to others especially that in need and not killing them. The author shows that most Hindus see violence and warfare as a regular part of life, especially the Kshatriyas. The work of police officers in the criminal justice system is to ensure that

Ecosystem Succession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecosystem Succession - Essay Example The Classical model of ecological succession shows that the "structural complexity and organization of an ecosystem increase and mature over time as succession progresses." The natural cycle of progression according to this model is shown below. The model above shows the natural cycle of progression of an ecosystem. The early successional stage is characterized by a few "pioneer species" and net community production is greater than respiration. The next mature stage shows an increase in species diversity, biomass, nutrients, food chains, and net production is equal to respiration. The succession slows down when it reaches equilibrium at the level of "climax" community. "Autogenic Succession is self-driven, resulting from the interaction between organisms and their environment." There are two types of autogenic succession. Primary Succession occurs on virgin or newly formed substrates, such as lava flows, alluvial deposits, newly exposed rock faces and glacial moraines. (Mackenzie, Ball and Virdee 2001) the Glacier Bay and Krakatau sequences are examples of Primary Succession. "Secondary succession occurs on disturbed ground where vegetation cover has been disturbed by external environmental factors like humans, animals or by fire, wind, floods. Succession from bare moraine to mature coniferous forest has been shown in areas left bare by the retreating ice in Glacier Bay, South East Alaska. This is a prime example of primary succession. Current estimates have shown that it takes 250 years for mature forest to develop from bare moraine. (Packam, Harding, Hilton, Stuttard 1992) The process involves colonization of the nutrient poor clay by mosses and shallow-rooted herbaceous species like mountain avens (Dryas sp.). These early species alter the soil conditions facilitating the colonization by new species. Nitrogen fixation is a free process in succession. Litter accumulation helps in soil development, which aids colonization by shrub and eventually tree species like Cottonwood and Hemlock. Marble is present in the area and the soil parent material shows a pH of 8.0 - 8.4. The development of Sitka Alder has a strong acidifying effect leading to a fall in pH from 8.0 to 5.0 approximately within 30-50 years. Alder nodules also fix atmospheric nitrogen, and the increase in nitrogen values of the soil is crucial to the initial establishment of Sitka Spruce. The Spruce eventually displaces the Alder, and it leads to a mature Sitka Spruce-Hemlock forest. In another 1250 years, the mature forest changes to Sphagnum-dominated muskeg bog in suitable sites. Krakatau Another example of Primary Succession is the Krakatau group, which lies over an orogenic hot spot in between Java and Sumatra. After the explosion in 1883, the present successional sequence was started on Rakata, and the smaller islands of Rakata Kecil and Sertung. Here volcanic ash sterilized the whole area. But the successional sequence, which started with a few blades of grass on Rakata in 1884, has led to a lush tropical forest over the century. The pioneer species included

Ethnic Background Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Background Essay My name is Stephanie Flowers and until this class assignment I never thoughtfully considered what my actual ethnic background was. After looking up the meaning of my last name I found it to be of Welsh origin. This means that I could possibility trace my family roots back to Great Britain. After reading chapter one of Race and Ethnic Relations I discovered that being a part of a certain ethnic background does not mean that you have to be part of that race, but you have to practice the common cultural traditions of that subculture. So based off of my name some people might think that I was English. I grew up with a few household traditions that I consider to be a part of my ethnic background. To begin with, I would consider my family to practice Irish traditions. We always have huge St. Patrick’s Day party at my house that turns into an all-day drinking and eating celebration. I might not know all the reasons behind this celebration and what I consider a part of my family tradition, but it is still a part of my ethnic background in my opinion. Drinking is a big part of being Irish and in my family most celebrations do involve some type of alcohol. In Irish culture it is normal to introduce alcohol to children before the actual drinking age, I think this is good because we grow up with this around us and never take consumption of alcohol to extremes because it such a part of everyday life. I am would also consider myself to be of German ethnicity. My family has a good luck tradition for New Years. We eat pork roast and sauerkraut in hopes that the next year will be filled with lots of happiness and joy. I personally love this tradition and get upset when I sometimes only get to eat this meal once a year. It is one of my top five meals to eat that my grandma cooks. Being from the United States of America I do think that I have picked up so many different traditions from all of the friends that I have had throughout my life. This is why I love living in this country I get to experience so many different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. My boyfriend is of the Catholic religion, his family maintains this culture by attending mass for Christmas, Easter, and whenever they feel the need strengthen their relationship with god. This is the way that they maintain their ethnic background. They are a common group of people who believe the idea that they all share the share cultural heritage. This stems from his Irish background where Catholicism is the main religion practiced in that country. So to me this is the way to stay in touch with being from Ireland even though they now live in America. My cousin Rachael is half Mexican. Her mom was an immigrant and came to this country to start a better life. I love getting to go to their house in Texas; her mom makes the best Mexican dishes. What I have noticed from her Mexican culture and ethnicity is that food is a way of bringing the family together, it is a time of bonding in their household. I believe that by cooking traditional Mexican food it keeps her in touch with her roots and makes her feel better connected to her homeland. After doing this assignment I am very interested in doing more research on my family roots and discovering more about who and where I came from. Like it says on the Ancestry. com commercial, â€Å"you don’t have to know what you’re looking for; you just have to start looking. † So that’s what I am going to start doing. Also, I would like to conduct interviews with the elderly people in my family and possibility start filling out my family tree, which would be an easy way to connect the dots of my family history. I will still continue to maintain my Irish and German background by drinking on St. Patrick’s Day and eating pork roast and sauerkraut. I am very proud to be an American and I wish I didn’t take all of the rights that I have in this country for granite.

The Process Of Building Social Relationships

The Process Of Building Social Relationships A social relationship is an interaction of two or people, also a social group. They are believed to shape the behavior of individuals in different ways, as the saying goes, show me your friends and I tell you your character. At some point most people especially the women and also research shows that social relationships reduce pain. When women are in a relationship they are happy because they have someone to lean on. Social support is seen as a very important factor for both physical and mental health. Stressful and painful experiences can be reduced through engaging in social relationships as one will get moral support and encouragement thus is able to face the problems easily. Building social relationships begins as early as at birth. That is the relation of the child with the mother and the other family members. The process does not stop there but goes to the society as one grows up and becomes able to decide where he or she wants to belong. In the past building social relationships was much easier because most of the properties were communally owned that is to say that they shared a lot and thus interaction was easy and regular. Newman (2009) observes that the 21st century time is challenging and strange when it comes to deciding the kind of relationships one should have in creating a foundation of ones social life. People may want to be in social relationships due to different reason. For example may be one want to benefit from the other and after getting what he or she wanted it comes to a time to withdraw. All the same it is important to note that building social relationships is very necessary to every individual. When building social relationships one must have the social interaction skills. These are behavior that help one be able to stick to the social relationship because they keep you out of trouble and avoid conflicts. According to Bellini (2006) social skills are behavior that are learned and are socially accepted that help a person to be able to interact with other people without negative responses. He also notes that these skills the building blocks of a successful social relationships. This skills are usually taught by the parent to there children at a tender age. All the same as one grows into an adult basically the very skills are still applicable in building social relationship. Another thing that comes along in building social relationships is the art of being friendly to all. Every day we meet different people with different personalities. It is therefore up to us to be able to fit and interact freely. We should have friendly skills like greeting people when we meet, be able to offer a sit to someone, shake hands, say words like thank you, am sorry, excuse me, please and many other ways that is friendly. Be able to treat people the same way you would want them to treat you. As the saying goes: put yourself in ones shoes. In this way one is able to interact freely without many difficulties thus building social relationships. The factor of age or we can also say peer group also is important in building social relationships. This will help connectivity to be much easier because people of the same age tend to think more alike. Meersman and Tari (2003) observe that communication between people of the same peer group is easy and they refer this to architecture of communication. Here what they simply mean is that the construction of communication in such a social group is well defined. These categories of people include; the children, teenagers, young adults, adults and the old. Social relationships are based in this age set and you find they all act in the same manor. In the various societies that exit today we have social institutions and community organizations that play a major role in building social relationships. The family is usually seen as the most important social institution in the society because this is where one builds the foundation of his or her social life. We have other institutions like; religious institution for example the church, temple, and mosque. The school, hospital, peer groups, community based organizations, and not forgetting the working places. These are places where people from different back grounds meet and get to know each other thus interact. It is therefore important for people to always belong to one or as many as possible of any this groups. We build social relationships to understand the knowledge of the mind. This helps us to continually monitor or check our own behavior and also be able to predict the behavior of those that we interact with. Bellini (2006) notes that the theory of the mind was coined by Permack and Woodruff (1978).this refers to the ability of one to understand and explain the things that are not seen I a person directly. These include feelings, thoughts, beliefs, desire, and intentions. He continues to say that knowledge of the mind is a successful component of building social relationships. In building social relationship the element of trust is necessary. Once an individual decides to get involved with a particular social group it automatically means that he or she trusts the people they are interacting with and they too trust them. This is so because when one gets a problem for example, it will need someone trust worthy to talk to. One who will keep your talk confidential. These kinds of people are the people we interact with daily and we have had enough time together so we are so familiar with them. Language is an aspect that is of value in that people look at in building social relationships. People can only interact well when a common language is used. This enhances good communication and understanding in the group. Gee (2005) also sees language as an important aspect in social relationships. He further notes that in the interaction process people need to use the same social language. Different social groups have different social language. For example, children, adolescents, adults and the old all have different social languages that they use. In building social relationships people also base in there social values. These social values include things like sex, beliefs, roles, and even structures. Depending on these values different social groups are formed. One would want to fit in a group that he or she will feel comfortable and proud to be there. It will help them to be constructive and optimistic. These values also help shape there daily life to there own interest thus happy people. Social relationships are also built basing on the family origin, unconscious motives, ones habits, personality, and relationships and life experiences. For the sake of a social relation lasting there is need to match this concepts to each person. This will ensure stability of the group by avoiding constant movement of members in search of a group where they best fit or that they find suitable to them. Change is inevitable in life and we as human beings should be able to adapt to the daily changes of life. When building social relationships people are expected to witness a lot of change in the social group. It can either be the members or that group itself changes. When this happens it is up to the social group to accept and adjust to the change rather than moving to another new social group. It does not have to be the same through out and that is why the members of a particular social group have to be always flexible. According to Young (1990) the social life of morality is not found in an individual person because it is comprised of a small structure of the self. He instead say that social morality is found in the relationship between individuals and the society. Here is where things like belief, trust and faith are found. It is also believe to shape human behavior so as to know good and evil. One will stay away from evil so as to belong to the society. Transparency is an important element in building social relationships. Because there is the element of trust people should be open in with they are doing in life. The issue of you cannot judge a book by its cover should not arise. Openness should be evident. Let the people know you as you are both in the inner self and outside and this should be the same. Activities of the group should also be carried out in a transparent manner as well, without having anything to hide. The need for human relation is also the reason for building social relationships. Every human being was created in such a way that they always have a sense of wanting to relate in any way. They a want to belong in a particular group or with other people apart from the self. These relations are a basic to every individual in life. The importance / advantages The study of Newnan (2009) shows that building social relationships plays an important role in group ties in peoples daily life. He gives an example of Japan and India where people consider duty and sacrifice more than individual achievement or personal success. they believe that group connections is the best foundation for any individual wellbeing because it come along with things like loyalty, connection with people , responsibility of one self and other people as well and it also creates a sense of belonging. Building social relationships bring come with a lot of changes in the society. These changes include both individual development and the community at large. Rosenberg and Rehr (1983) say that the involvement of one in institutions like self help groups, social work, church, school and being close to your family helps reduce conflicts and they bring about development. This is through coming together to do social work or fund raising contributions and even come together to advocate for changes in health care policies. Through this development the people are assured of a better living. Building social relationships also promote peace love harmony and unity in the society. This is true because people living together and there social life is well build up will not have conflicts. They appreciate each other and offer moral support to one another. Such a society will always it together as one and solve issues that may arise in a more organize way. Building social relationships is important in everyones life. This is because in times of depression and stress one always needs someone to talk to and relieve the burden. This now where the people you have been interacting with come in to offer that moral support. Just as we know that this an important factor both in physical and mental health of a person. Frumkin, Frank, Jackson (2004) note that social bond known to be a very important component of good health. They further state that isolation and loneliness are toxic while on the other hand social relationships are healthy. The 21st centaury has come along with diseases that are complicated. Some of these diseases include, stomach ulcers depression and many others. These diseases are not diseases that one can say that you go to the hospital and get treatment then you are cured. Doctors recommend that these diseases are controlled by the individual. The way one interacts with other people really matters. To avoid these kinds of diseases researchers indicate that one should build up as many social relationships as possible. This helps one to be able to avoid these diseases by sharing out there problems. As we know that a problem shared is a problem half solved. Building social relationships also help people get to know each other well and lead to marriages. People get to find there perfect pairs and choose to spend the rest of there life with them. This leads to the creation of happy marriages and also happy families. Getting a life time partner is not an easy task as we all know but as one builds his or her social relationship in a good way, there potentials are noticed and they attract someone thus they propose and marry. Making them live happily ever after. Building social relationships help a person to have good problem solving abilities. It also helps one to think in a more flexible manor. This is basically important in the early stages of life and the parents have the task of ensuring that there childrens social life is good. The kind of games that a child plays and with who becomes the main issue that a parent should look at with keenness. This kind of interaction is what the child will live to adopt even as he grows older. People with stronger social network live longer. Research show that the mortality rate is determined by the social network of people in a place. This is true as social net work improves the health status of an individual. That togetherness gives an individual a reason for living. Research also indicate that in looking at two different sets of people, That is one in a marriage life and one who is single, they found that people in marriage live longer than people who are single. This is because in a marriage there is sharing of problems and also constant moral support. All human beings emotions are believed to be able to change another persons motives and feelings. In the process of building social relationships important factors such as this arises. Emotions are inter-personal and con not therefore be separated from the process of relating. These relationships change the feelings of a person in a positive direction. Bad people change and become good people with moral. The society is always there to encourage people to do good for the benefit of both the society and most importantly to the individual as a person. Building social relationships also come with some form of organization. The relationship it self shows that there was cooperation that triggered it. When we look at it in terms of a society we find that things are done in a systematic way. There is order of the way issues are handled and a systematic way of doing thing. These in the long run avoid conflicts and the wastage of resources in the social group. Employment is created by building a social relation ships. This is mostly through net working or it can as well be through the formation of self help groups or social work. Employment means that one has a source of earning a living thus assured of daily bread. This promotes the living standards of an individual as well as the society at large. It reduces the problem of unemployment in the society. Building social relationships also reduce the aspects of immorality, theft, murder and all other devices that one can think of. This is true because social relationships in a society are meant to shape the morals of every individual. People become responsible for their own actions in life In conclusion therefore we can say that building social relationships is an inevitable process in the life of every person. This is so because it begins from birth. When a child is born that is when it begins to build its social relationship. At this point it is limited to the family level mostly influenced by the mother. This is the foundation and parents are careful. As one grow he or she now able to look at which social relation group he best fits. This as we have seen shape the personality of the individual into a better being. Going to social institutions such as the school, church and others also ply a major role in the individual. Social relationships cannot be avoided in whatever way and people should always be ready to be involved in them with a positive attitude.

Inflation And Supply Side Policies In The Uk Economics Essay

Inflation And Supply Side Policies In The Uk Economics Essay Hints: Using information from the internet and economic textbooks.explain what has been happening to the rate of inflation in your country or a region that includes your country,since 1990.You should include diagrams In our region the inflation is on its peak. the rate of commodities and goods increases day by day with high speed. If we look to the diagram changes have been done in every year. In some time in past the inflation rate fall but in the recent time thats 2009 its raised upto 73% which is quite high as compare to the previous year 2008.So this inflation can bring a lot of changes in daily human life.It can effect every field of life.By inflation facilities become reduced everyone tries to reduce his expenditure because of this he tries to spend less as he could.If he his expenses is high as copare to his outcome so he is not trying to facilitate himself.In short inflation can bring change in every term of life. Followin is a Table which shows inflation and percent change since 1990 till to 2009. Year Inflation, average consumer prices Percent Change 1991 12.628 39.52 % 1992 4.851 -61.59 % 1993 9.825 102.54 % 1994 11.272 14.73 % 1995 13.022 15.53 % 1996 10.789 -17.15 % 1997 11.803 9.40 % 1998 7.812 -33.81 % 1999 5.736 -26.57 % 2000 3.584 -37.52 % 2001 4.41 23.05 % 2002 2.504 -43.22 % 2003 3.102 23.88 % 2004 4.568 47.26 % 2005 9.276 103.06 % 2006 7.921 -14.61 % 2007 7.771 -1.89 % 2008 11.998 54.39 % 2009 20.775 73.15 % Task 2 Define Inflation Provide a clear explanation of 2 different causes of Inflation showing knowledge of Keynesian and monetarist views on inflation. Definition: The overall general upward price of goods and services in an economy is called inflation. OR The raising of price in commodities and other daily life materials is called inflation The downward price of goods and services in an economy is called deflation. OR In economics inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Causes of inflation: Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government: in our country government imposes some indirect taxes annully which ultimately become a cause for rise in the price of commodites For example a rise in the rate of excise duty on alcohol and cigarettes, an increase in fuel duties or perhaps a rise in the standard rate of Value Added Tax or an extension to the range of products to which VAT is applied. These taxes are levied on producers (suppliers) who, depending on the price elasticity of demand and supply for their products, sum up the amount in the price of commodityt. For example, if the government was to choose to levy a new tax on aviation fuel, then this would contribute to a rise in cost-push inflation. Cost-push inflation can be illustrated by an inward shift of the short run aggregate supply curve. This is shown in the diagram below. Ceteris paribus, a fall in SRAS causes a contraction of real national output together with a rise in the general level of prices Rising labour costs: increases in the wages of labour which exceed any improvement in productivity also affect the price of commodity.   This cause is important in those industries which are labour-intensive. Firms may decide not to pass these higher costs onto their customers (they may be able to achieve some cost savings in other areas of the business) but in the long run, wage inflation tends to move closely with price inflation because there are limits to the extent to which any business can absorb higher wage expenses. Monetarists Monetarists do not believe that the government should intervene by trying to manage the level of aggregate demand. They argue that this type of intervening policy will affect acquilibrium in the long run and should therefore be avoided. A key problem with discretionary demand management policies is the time lags, which monetarists believe make fiscal policy too difficult to use to manage the economy effectively. The best thing therefore, is to take a long-run view of price stability and use monetary policy to achieve this. Keynesians Keynesians traditionally see fiscal policy as the key tool of economic management. They see the role of government as maintaining the economy at full employment. The way to do this was to manage the level of aggregate demand until the economy was at or close to full employment. If the economy was growing too fast, then fiscal policy should be essentially deflationary, and vice-versa when below full employment. Monetary policy should, in their view, simply be used as a backup to fiscal policy. However, they would argue that direct interest rate changes could be used to control aggregate demand. Their main objection to monetary policy has always been that there is a weak link between the money supply and aggregate demand, and that. Task 3 What effects would a substantial increases in inflation every year have on the following: An individuals who keeps all his money in a box under his bed. Keeping all his money in box under his bed its means that if someone is money and he is not investing his money in a business or keeping the money in a bank its means that he is decreasing his money one day will come that he will spend all his money so if you have a little money you should have to start a small business then your money will not end over. Someone who is borrowing money at the current rate of inflation but who does not have to pay back for a number of years. It is a good picking point that whenever someone borrows money from someone he is not able to return the money according to the rate of inflation. He may think to return him at rate of inflation. Someone has lent money out at the current rate of inflation but will not be repaid for a number of years. If some one has lent money from someone at the time of current inflation he may need to repaid the money as compare to the rate of inflation.If he has the ability to think then he may need to return more than the original amount he lent. Task 4 Provide reason why the government may want to tackle inflation. Government is trying to control rate of inflation. Inflation can generate a lot of problems in the society. It affect daily life as well as increase in commodities prices. that reasult in the economy , politcal and social unstability It can also bring unemployment as well as poverty. Provide a remedy for each of two different types of inflation you outlined in Task 2 (b). all though the inflation cannot be completely change in deflation in the developing countries but it can be control through removeing its causes. Folwing are the causes which is responsible for inflation Cost Push Inflation Rising imported raw materials costs Rising labour costs Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government A depreciation of the exchange rate A reduction in direct or indirect taxation The rapid growth of the money supply Rising consumer confidence and an increase in the rate of growth of house prices Faster economic growth in other countries Task 5 You have to write a section in the report that includes the following. An explanation of is meant by supply side economics. Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation. Consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices. The term supply-side economics was thought, for some time, to have been coined by journalist Jude Wineskin in 1975, but according to Robert D. Atkinsons Supply-Side Follies , the term supply side (supply-side fiscalists) was first used by Herbert Stein, a former economic adviser to President Nixon, in 1976, and only later that year was this term repeated by Jude Wanniski. It popularized the ideas of economists Robert Mundell and Arthur Laffer. Today, supply-side economics is often conflated with the politically rhetorical term trickle-down economics, but as Jude Wanniski points out in his book The Way The World Works, trickle-down economics is conservative Keynesianism associated with the Republican Party. Typical policy recommendations of supply-side economics are lower marginal tax rates and less regulation. Maximum benefits from taxation policy are achieved by optimizing the marginal tax rates to spur growth, although it is a common misunderstanding that supply side economics is concerned only with taxation policy when it is about removing barriers to production more generally. Many early proponents argued that the size of the economic growth would be significant enough that the increased government revenue from a faster growing economy would be sufficient to compensate completely for the short-term costs of a tax cut, and that tax cuts could, in fact, cause overall revenue to increase Evidence of 2 countries that have supply side measures in an attempt to reduce inflation and the success or failure of those measures. What are supply-side policies? Supply-side economic policies are mainly micro-economic policies designed to improve the supply-side potential of an economy, make markets and industries operate more efficiently and thereby contribute to a faster rate of growth of real national output Most governments now accept that an improved supply-side performance is the key to achieving sustained economic growth without a rise in inflation. But supply-side reform on its own is not enough to achieve this growth. There must also be a high enough level of aggregate demand so that the productive capacity of an economy is actually brought into play. There are two broad approaches to the supply-side. Firstly policies focused on product markets where goods and services are produced and sold to consumers and secondly the labour market a factor market where labour is bought and sold. Supply Side Policies for Product Markets Product markets refer to markets in which all kinds of commodities are traded, for example the market for airline travel; for mobile phones, for new cars; for pharmaceutical products and the markets for financial services such as banking and occupational pensions. Supply-side policies in product markets are designed to increase competition and efficiency. If the productivity of an industry improves, then it will be able to produce more with a given amount of resources, shifting the LRAS curve to the right. Measures to encourage small business start-ups / entrepreneurship The small businesses of today can often become the larger businesses of tomorrow, adding to national output, employing more workers and contributing to innovative behaviour that can have positive spill-over effects in other industries. Governments of all political persuasion argue that they want to promote an entrepreneurial culture and to increase the rate of new business start-ups. Supply side policies include loan guarantees for new businesses; regional policy assistance for entrepreneurs in depressed areas of the country; advice for new firms Capital investment and innovation: Capital spending by firms adds to aggregate demand (C+I+G+(X-M)) but also has an important effect on long run aggregate supply. Supply side policies would include tax relief on research and development and reductions in the rate of corporation tax. Ireland is a good example of a country inside the EU that has benefited hugely from cutting company taxes which has led to a large rise in foreign direct investment. One of the new countries joining the EU in 2004, Estonia, has cut its corporation tax rate to zero per cent (0%) in a deliberate attempt to attract new investment and stimulate economic growth and employment. There are now big differences in corporation tax rates among the twenty five nations of the European Union. Corporate Tax Rates in the European Union in 2004 Estonia 0.0% Luxembourg 30.0% Ireland 12.5% Denmark 30.0% Lithuania 15.0% Czech Rep. 31.0% Cyprus 15.0% Portugal 33.0% Latvia 19.0% Austria 34.0% Slovakia 19.0% Belgium 34.0% Poland 19.0% Italy 34.0% Hungary 20.0% Netherlands 34.5% Slovenia 25.0% Spain 35.0% Sweden 28.0% Greece 35.0% Finland 29.0% France 35.4% UK 30.0% Germany 38.7% Innovation and Economic Growth A dynamic environment with opportunities for enterprise and innovation is vital to improving economic performance. New businesses entering the marketplace increase competitive pressures facilitating the introduction of new ideas and technologies. The Government is therefore committed to supporting enterprise and innovation throughout the economy, including in Britains most disadvantaged areas. Supply side policies for the Labour Market These policies are designed to improve the quality and quantity of the supply of labour available to the economy. They seek to make the British labour market more flexible so that it is better able to match the labour force to the demands placed upon it by employers in expanding sectors thereby reducing the risk of structural unemployment. An expansion in the UKs total labour supply increases the productive potential of an economy.   That expansion in the supply of people willing and able to work can come from several sources for example: encouraging older people to stay in the workforce; a relaxed approach to labour migration and measures to get non-working parents to actively look for work. Trade Union Reforms Many of the traditional legal protections enjoyed by the trade unions have been taken away including restrictions on their ability to take industrial action and enter into restrictive practices agreements with employers. The result has been a decrease in strike action in virtually every industry and a significant improvement in industrial relations in the UK. Showing the effects of supply-side improvements in the economy Supply-side factors often help to explain why it is that some countries grow faster than others. In a world of globalisation, it is becoming clearer that maintaining and improving competitiveness is vital in achieving success in international markets. A rising share of GDP in most countries is devoted to international trade. Markets are becoming more competitive and those countries whose supply-side lets those down can find a rising level of import penetration into their domestic markets and a weak export performance in goods and services. Supply side improvements can also be shown using a production possibility frontier Supply side policies and productivity It is important to recognise that the supply-side does not operate in isolation from changes in aggregate demand. If there is insufficient AD, it is unlikely that better supply-side performance can be achieved over a number of years. Equally, if aggregate demand grows too quickly, acceleration in wage and price inflation might require deflationary policies that ultimately harm a countrys productive potential. Evaluating the UKs supply-side performance On the right tracks There has been a remarkable structural improvement in the British economy. This began under Margaret Thatcher and has largely been maintained under Tony Blair. Deregulation, privatisation, reductions in trade union power and reform of unemployment benefits have transformed the business environment. Improvements in the Supply Side Supply-Side Weaknesses Sustained economic growth. The UK has maintained its position as the 4th largest economy in the world and has weathered the global economic downturn well There remains a large productivity between the UK and other leading economies this is now a major focus of supply side policies Task 6 Combine Task 1 to 5 into a single written report to be given to world bank economics unit which is properly structured with. Title of the page Table of contents  Ã‚ ¶ Risk of Inflation  Ã‚ ¶ Definition of Inflation  Ã‚ ¶ Government efforts to control Inflation  Ã‚ ¶ Supply side economics Main body of report In our region the inflation is on its peak. the rate of commodities and goods increases day by day with high speed. If we look to the diagram changes have been done in every year. In some time in past the inflation rate fall but in the recent time thats 2009 its raised upto 73% which is quite high as compare to the previous year 2008.So this inflation can bring a lot of changes in daily human life.It can effect every field of life.By inflation facilities become reduced everyone tries to reduce his expenditure because of this he tries to spend less as he could.If he his expenses is high as copare to his outcome so he is not trying to facilitate himself.In short inflation can bring change in every term of life. Followin is a Table which shows inflation and percent change since 1990 till to 2009 In economics inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Government is trying to control rate of inflation. Inflation can generate a lot of problems in the society. It affect daily life as well as affect commodities prices. It can also bring unemployment as well as poverty. Provide a remedy for each of two different types of inflation you outlined in Task 2 (b). When the causes of inflation remove thats the best solution to control the inflation. Flowing are the causes Cost Push Inflation Rising imported raw materials costs Rising labour costs Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government A depreciation of the exchange rate A reduction in direct or indirect taxation The rapid growth of the money supply Rising consumer confidence and an increase in the rate of growth of house prices Faster economic growth in other countries An explanation of is meant by supply side economics. Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation. Consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices. The term supply-side economics was thought, for some time, to have been coined by journalist Jude Wineskin in 1975, but according to Robert D. Atkinsons Supply-Side Follies , the term supply side (supply-side fiscalists) was first used by Herbert Stein, a former economic adviser to President Nixon, in 1976, and only later that year was this term repeated by Jude Wanniski. It popularized the ideas of economists Robert Mundell and Arthur Laffer. Today, supply-side economics is often conflated with the politically rhetorical term trickle-down economics, but as Jude Wanniski points out in his book The Way The World Works, trickle-down economics is conservative Keynesianism associated with the Republican Party. Typical policy recommendations of supply-side economics are lower marginal tax rates and less regulation. Maximum benefits from taxation policy are achieved by optimizing the marginal tax rates to spur growth. Reference and bibliography (Economics Books) Micro Economics Macro Economics Manegiral economics Monetry and Finance Internet Source: Ed Crooks, Source: Government Spending Review Statement July 2002 Economics editor of the Financial Times. June 2004 Appendices

Jane Austens Emma Essay -- Jane Austen Emma Essays Society

Jane Austen's Emma Beautiful dresses, passionate romances, elegant parties, a general state of leisure and happiness – these are only a few of the idealistic views of the nineteenth century. In her novel, Emma, Jane Austen paints a much more realistic picture of the ins and outs of high society in England of the 1800’s. Through the presumptions and pride of the characters of heroine, Emma Woodhouse, and secondary character, Mrs. Elton, Austen presents a stark critique of the social assumptions and diplomatic maneuvering so common of the society of her time, however, by the end of the novel, Austen’s critique is made clear by a subtle foil of these two characters – Emma having been the only one of the two to learn her lesson. Both of these two ladies, each high in status, display somewhat of a god-complex, taking it upon themselves to partially assist, but mostly re-mold, women whom they view as inferior to themselves. Though Mrs. Elton does this in a much less tactful and more forceful way, she and Emma both view their respective pupils as a pawn to be toyed with and, ultimately, a display of their superiority. Emma’s fancies of becoming a puppet-master begin when she is in the company of Harriet Smith, a girl attending Mrs. Goddard’s boarding school. Austen tells Emma’s thoughts, writing, â€Å"She would notice her†¦ improve her†¦ detach her from her bad acquaintance, and introduce her into good society; she would form her opinions and her manners. It would be an interesting, and certainly a very kind undertaking; highly becoming her own situation in life, her leisure and powers† (37-38). This passage makes clear Emma’s intentions of whittling Har riet into what Emma deemed best, not just to better Harriet’s situati... ...Emma tells Jane her preference of having things in the open. These two situations, back to back, serve to foil the two characters of Emma and Mrs. Elton – Emma coming away the more respectable of the two. Through Emma and Mrs. Elton, Jane Austen makes clear her vast understanding of the society in which she lives, and she shakes her finger to it. The heartache that both characters cause, Mrs. Elton in Jane Fairfax and Emma in Harriet, serves as a reproach to the gossipy, haughty, conspiring women in her society. Mr. Knightly, who serves as Emma’s conscience through most of the novel, best portrays the lesson by telling Emma, â€Å"Mystery; Finesse – how they pervert the understanding!† (352), and it is this advice that Austen makes clear throughout her novel. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. R.W Chapman. Rev. Mary Lascelles. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006.

Dover Beach Essay -- essays research papers

In the poem "Dover Beach",witten in 1867 Matthew Arnold creates the mood of the poem through the usage of different types of imagery. He uses a dramatic plot in the form of a soliloquy. Arnold also uses descriptive adjectives, similes and metaphors to create the mood. Through the use of these literary elements, Arnold portrays the man standing before the window pondering the sound of the pebbles tossing in the waves as representation of human suffering. The man arrives at the vision of humanity being helpless against nature. Arnold creates the mood by suggesting mental pictures, actions, sights and sounds the man sees. Some examples are "folds of a bright girdle furled", "lie before us like a land of dreams" and "moon-blanched land". Arnold's use of different types of imagery and descriptive adjectives to induce sensory impressions of the setting, create the fluctuating mood of the poem, which is the eternal struggle of nature over man. In "Dover Beach", Matthew Arnold uses detailed adjectives and sensory imagery to describe the setting and portray the beginning mood, which begins with the illusion of natural beauty and ends with tragic human experience. The poem begins two-part stanzas, the first which is promising and hopeful; the second replaces optimism with a reality which is grim. Arnold uses contrast when he appeals to the sense of sight in the first section and to hearing in the second. Arnold starts with the descriptions of the "calm sea", "fair tide" and the "vast" cliffs which create a calming, innocent appearance. This sets the mood of peace and contentment which the speaker feels when he gazes out upon the sea. "Come to the window, sweet is the night-air", gives the reader the impression of a cool, summer night. The mood begins to be soothing and calming to the reader. Arnold then however, begins to change the tone. Arnold describes, "The grating ro ar of pebbles, Of the pebbles which the waves draw back", with "a tremulous cadence". This portrays the image of an imaginary battle on the land of Dover. Arnold writes of the horrible sound of the pebbles beating away at the land. The pebbles are eroding the land away, which the speaker thrives off of and adores. Arnold illustrates the man's internal battle with the land destroying his home... ...t". This metaphor ties together how the speaker's battle is very similar to a soldier's battle. The speaker's battle however, is futile to fight, because he knows he will never win. All in all, the fluctuating mood and usage of descriptive adjectives to illustrate the setting, tie the poem together and create the mood Arnold was looking to achieve. The image of the tides battling with the land when they meet, is merged with the consequent destiny of humanity to battle fruitless fights with nature. Arnold's method of illustrating the setting is different than the other two poems because he uses detailed imagery almost completely to reveal the mood of the story. He also uses a fluctuating plot that goes back and forth from human defeat to contentment. Jown Cowper, writer of "Suspended Judgements", critiqued Maupassant on "Dover Beach". Cowper said "Maupassant develops the mood by dividing the poem into three stanza to represent the speaker' s fluctuation from peace of mind to despair. This proves to be very effective, by showing the indecisiveness of the speaker. Maupassant also uses images of the setting to create the mood" (Cowper, 1919, 43).

Essay --

Along with the development of science technology and popularity of computers and internet, network becomes an important tool in interpersonal communication. We are studying in the university and we need computers to enrich our minds. Computers can not only make us fit into a new environment faster, but also can provide convenience to us. What else, they can also help us learn more abilities and new technology. So in my opinion, computers should be allowed to bring to school when we are freshmen. Firstly, computers can make us get news about the new environment and be part of it faster. We may get worried when we are in a new school. The feeling must be much stronger if this is the first time we leave our parents. We do not know where we can find a bank, a restaurant, etc . But if we have a computer, we will find them on the computer maps. What else, we can know the important information which is announced by our school at the first time. We live in the world which is full of information, so we should develop the ability to use the useful information for ourselves. I... Essay -- Along with the development of science technology and popularity of computers and internet, network becomes an important tool in interpersonal communication. We are studying in the university and we need computers to enrich our minds. Computers can not only make us fit into a new environment faster, but also can provide convenience to us. What else, they can also help us learn more abilities and new technology. So in my opinion, computers should be allowed to bring to school when we are freshmen. Firstly, computers can make us get news about the new environment and be part of it faster. We may get worried when we are in a new school. The feeling must be much stronger if this is the first time we leave our parents. We do not know where we can find a bank, a restaurant, etc . But if we have a computer, we will find them on the computer maps. What else, we can know the important information which is announced by our school at the first time. We live in the world which is full of information, so we should develop the ability to use the useful information for ourselves. I...

Violence against Women

Introduction The United Nations defines violence against women as any gender based violence that leads to or is likely to result in sexual harm, mental harm or any other kind of suffering to women. This includes threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty either in private or public life (The UN Declaration on Violence Against Women 1992). Bardwell (2010) describes violence against women as the most pervasive violation of human rights in the world. Violence against women bears significant costs for the society, individuals, public services and the economy as a whole. The prevalence of violence against women and girls in England is more than that of diabetes, stroke and heart diseases (Adams 2010).). The figures published by the Office for National Statistics from 2012 to 2013 estimated that approximately 1.2 million women suffered from domestic abuse and other 330,000 were sexually assaulted. Sexual violence and domestic violence are in most cases hidden because the victims choose to su ffer in silence or are afraid to come out and report (Riecher-Ro?ssler & Garci?a-Moreno 2013).). Violence against women and girls is recognised globally as a violation of fundamental human rights that include the right to non-discrimination based on sex, right to not be treated inhumanly and degradingly, right to respect for private and family life and right to life (Bird & Westley 2011). The 1995 Beijing Platform for Action to which the United Kingdom is committed, states that violence against women is one of the major hindrances to the achievement of gender equality. Although the United Kingdom. The United Nations Committee and the European Court of Human Rights on the elimination of discrimination against women recognises violence against women as a form of discrimination. The United Kingdom has an obligation to exercise due diligence to prevent violence against women under the European Convention on Human Rights. Under the Beijing Platform and the Convention, the country has an obligation to change stereotypes, cultures and attitudes that perpetuate gender inequality. In the UK the new public sector equality duty under the Equality Act of 2010 requires all public bodies to consider equality, discrimination and good relations between groups in the way they formulate policy, employ people, buy goods and services and deliver services. This means that all the public bodies have an obligation to prevent violence against women. Violence against women voluntary sector The voluntary sector provides important services to support and protect the victims of violence against women. The organisations in the voluntary sector working to end the violence directed towards women in the United Kingdom challenge the system that allows for violence and abuse to continue in the country and at the same time celebrate the women who have survived such violent. The voluntary sector mostly pursues proactive prevention measures that can be categorised into three major groups depending on the target population (Stark & Buzawa 2009). The first group consists of the general measures directed at certain population groups or the whole population. For instance some of the voluntary groups use study courses in preventing violence against women for students and media campaigns targeting specific groups of children. The second category comprises of targeted measures directed at specific high risk groups for instance educating the armed forces on the importance of respecting th e rights of women and all other human beings. The last category consists of the measures directed at the individuals who have already been subjected to violence before with an intention of preventing them from committing the violence again. For example they provide rehabilitation programs for the perpetrators of violence to educate them on the importance of respecting the rights of women and human rights in general. Educational institutions and schools have been supportive of the voluntary sector as they allow them to access the students and educate them on the adverse effects of violence against women. In addition to that, these institutions also pay special attention to violent behaviour as far as the welfare of the students is concerned. The voluntary sector organises awareness campaigns targeting women to inform them that men are responsible for all their acts of violence and that such violence is illegal and as such should be reported and punished. Such initiatives are aimed at encouraging more women to come out and report the violence that they suffer privately at home in order to protect them from repeated assaults which can end up costing their lives in the long run. The campaigns also encourage the men to examine and challenge any cultural orientations that perpetuate violence against women. The programs directed at the young people have particularly been rewarding as it has reduced vio lence in learning institutions although there is still need to do more (Hughes & Owen 2009). The voluntary organisations often target providing education to the young people to correct the system. Most of these organisations believe that it is the system to blame for the high rates of violence against women because the society is not sufficiently educated on the need for respecting the basic human rights thus leading to the violation of the rights of women through battery and sexual violence (Harne & Radford 2008). As such they direct a lot of their effort in educating the young people at an age where the identity of their gender is just starting to take shape and can easily be influenced. For example the 16-20 age groups are often persuaded to stay in love and respect their partners in order to reduce violent behaviour in partnerships. The emphasis is that if they really love their partners then they should always strive to make them happy and not engage in any acts that would harm them. Such programs are often conducted in different communities including youth associations, schools and sports clubs. In terms of protecting the immigrant community, the voluntary organisations often pursue comprehensive integration as the best strategy for preventing them against violence. The aim of comprehensive integration is not just to help them find jobs and settle but to help them restore their sense of life control. One way of helping the immigrants achieve this is by giving them information, support and guidance in the early stages of integration. The voluntary organisations often do this with respect to their cultural backgrounds in order to ensure that they do not perceive the process as one designed to force them abandon their cultures. The intervention programs targeting the immigrant groups are normally well constructed in order to consider their cultural backgrounds as well as the different challenges that come with the process of immigration and integration. Some of the immigrants coming into the country are from countries with patriarchal and hierarchic social structures where the right of women with regard to equality is something that has never existed both in theory and practice. For instance the girls who come to the country from cultures that do not proscribe violence against women often live under several restrictions (DeKeseredy 2011). Such restrictions make the integration process very difficult let alone access to information on physical and sexual violence. In these groups some parents at times prohibit their daughters from using the internet, engaging in leisure activities, meeting boys or doing any other things that their peers are doing and they may also wish to participate in. The voluntary organisations often dissuade the immigrant communities with such cultures from sending their girls to other countries in order to defend their sexual reputation. Although the gendered phenomenon is inculcated deep into their culture, these organisations target the parents from this group with an aim of informing them on the dangers they expose their daughters to by forcing them to move to the other countries. Incidences of forced or early marriages are also common among these people and this increases the risk of the women and girls being exposed to violence because they do not have free will since all decisions are made for them by other people. In order to stop such behaviour and protect the women and the young girls, the voluntary organisations often offer low threshold services and activities as well as peer support groups to inform the population on the availability of such services so that they know where to turn to whenever they need any kind of assistance. Marri age is a voluntary union under the UK legislation and all the marriage procedures are supposed to protect the freedom of choice of all the individuals involved. The voluntary organisations often give the immigrants information regarding gender equality, consequences of domestic violence and rape, and where to report such incidences whenever they are perpetrated. Peer groups are one effective channel that the voluntary organisations utilise in passing information regarding aspects like welfare, wellbeing, life control and prevention of violence against women. These groups are efficient in that the members are in most cases free to discuss their personal challenges with their colleagues making it easy for the voluntary organisations to offer help and assistance to the victims of violence against women. To the victims of violence, the voluntary organisations normally offer them support as well as therapy to help them recover from the trauma caused by the violence. The support is normal ly offered jointly with other health services in selected environments to help the victims recover in the shortest time possible and resume their normal life activities (Thiara et al 2012). In addition to this, the voluntary organisations also help the victims to make use of the legal system by reporting the offenders to the authorities so they can face the law and pay for the consequences of their unlawful actions. For instance they offer financial assistance to the women who are unable to raise the legal fees, file for divorce, social security, and negotiate for child custody among other things. Owing to the fact that child custody and visiting arrangements exposes the victims to the risk of further violence in the form of blackmail, threats or direct violence the voluntary organisations normally help the women with security arrangements like insisting that whenever such visits are made it should never be in private. The voluntary organisations have managed to achieve this level of success because they devised strategies of reaching out to the women and men differently. Once they identified that the issue lies with the system, they embarked on educating the young people on the importance of respecting human rights and upholding high moral values. To the women who are currently at the risk of being exposed to violence, the voluntary organisations have made measures to encourage them to come out and report so that they can be assisted. They inform the women that the men should take responsibility for their actions and as such they should come out and report any incidences of violence early before they escalate to the level of interfering with the quality of their lives (Lombard & McMillan 2013). The men are encouraged to resort to other measures of conflict resolution without resorting to violence because violence is itself a problem and does not provide a solution to anything. This shows that diff erent categories require different intervention mechanisms but all these efforts are aimed at achieving the major objective which is to protect women against gender based violence. The response of the voluntary sector to the issue at hand is directed by both proactive and reactive approaches. These strategies are important as they are useful in helping the voluntary organisations achieve their objectives in the short and long run. The proactive approaches are used on the young populations with an objective of educating them on the need to uphold high moral values and respect human rights (Hughes & Owen 2009). They are encouraged to solve their differences in relationships amicably without resorting to violence because violence only leads to more problems. The reactive approach on the other hand is intended to help both the perpetrators and victims of gender violence. The victims are encouraged to report the perpetrators to the authorities, seek counselling and get out of the abusive marriages. The perpetrators are also offered counselling and educative services to ensure that they do not repeat the crimes again. The response of the voluntary sector differs slightly from those of the statutory agencies because the latter mostly pursues the reactive approach while the former pursues both (True 2012). The statutory agencies help the victims by offering different services like healthcare, counselling, encouraging the victims to report, and helping the victims with the legal procedures among others. Their emphasis is twofold, one is to help the victims and the other one is to deter the behaviour. The sectors response presents a holistic approach as it aims to provide both short term and long term solutions. There is no evidence that the measures taken to control violence against women are working because the number of violence victims is still high in the country as already indicated in the country. There is also a possibility that the figures provided are still an underestimation given that many women still fear coming out to report that they are in abusive relationships (DeKeseredy 2011). Exter nal factors particularly funding has affected the response of the voluntary sector because they have limited resources at their disposal. The devolution of funding for the voluntary sector from the central government to the local authorities has resulted into many inconsistencies in levels and types of funding. For example many local authorities in the country have stopped giving the grant aid and now prefer commissioning of services through tendering and other contract funding. This has led to instability within the voluntary sector and loss of essential services (True 2012). A perfect example is refuge accommodation where the authorities have resorted to support few large organisations providing services to communities that they do not have any previous connections or knowledge at the expense of strengthening the smaller local organisations that are well placed to cater for the needs of the local people. In other cases the housing associations and other providers are taking over t he specialist services offered for the victims leading to loss of expertise and independence of the voluntary sector (Thiara et al 2012). With the limited funds the voluntary sector cannot do much and as such they should focus their energy and resources on services not offered by the statutory bodies. There is need for them to focus on the key areas that they can achieve maximum returns with the limited funds while exploring other means of raising more money to support their activities. Summary and the key issues The prevalence of violence against women is still high in the United Kingdom despite all the efforts made by the government to reduce the problem. The voluntary organisations present a good avenue of mitigating the problem although they face many challenges that hamper the effective execution of their services. These challenges range from inadequate financing to additional roles like caring for men too have destabilised the organisations. The national government should therefore help these voluntary organisations with adequate funds and support to help them reduce violence against women in the United Kingdom. References Adams, R. (2010). The short guide to social work. Bristol: Policy. Bardwell, A. (2010). Domestic violence (DV) as violence against women: A human rights issue. A study of the UK government’s human rights violations against South Asian women victims of DV. University of Essex Bird, F. B., & Westley, F. (2011). Voices from the voluntary sector: Perspectives on leadership challenges. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DeKeseredy, W. S. (2011). Violence against women: Myths, facts, controversies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Harne, L., & Radford, J. (2008). Tackling domestic violence: Theories, policies and practice. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. Hughes, L., & Owen, H. (2009). Good practice in safeguarding children: Working effectively in child protection. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Lombard, N., & McMillan, L. (2013). Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Riecher-Ro?ssler, A., & Garci?a-Moreno, C. (2013). Violence against women and mental health. Basel: Karger. Stark, E., & Buzawa, E. S. (2009). Violence against women in families and relationships. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger/ABC-CLIO. Thiara, R. K., Hauge, G., Bashall, R., Ellis, B., Mullender, A., & Harwin, N. (2012). Disabled women and domestic violence: Responding to the experiences of survivors. London: Jessica Kingsley. True, J. (2012). The political economy of violence against women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Victory speech

Good evening America†¦. I stand here before you, overwhelmed by the final verdict of our unique nation. I, Paris Hilton am the first female candidate to have won the position of Presidency in this great country of ours. I have achieved the unthinkable! Once again, America has demonstrated her ability to be different. While, I know, the pressure I expect to face in the coming years will be a lot, I promise that I will deliver on the trust and faith all of you have reposed in me. The Democrats have always striven hard to win and I symbolize them and thank them for the support they have given me. The last President, Barack Obama, America's first African-American President, as some of us here know, has given me support throughout my campaign. I thank him for this†¦ My fellow Americans, I promise you that I will bring success but not without some hiccups. BE STRONG and TRUST me, for those who do not, in time I will hopefully prove to you that I am the right person to burden all these responsibilities on. I believe that a country should be run and managed just like we American women manage our houses – orderly, neat, clean and well planned. I want to make changes in our internal policies to ensure that this understanding of mine is effectively executed. The revenue department also should be run the way I run my household budgets – Americans, we must learn to spend only what we earn – this is the only answer to our deficit balance of payments problem. The White House has been standing for the last two centuries and for the first time in its history; I am going to use my redecoration budget on the out side rather than the inside. I plan to make a historical change. I have decided, as some of you know, that the White House is going to be painted pink. Many people will object but please do understand that this is necessary. It is befitting for a woman President to create the correct ambience for all the people who visit her. My father and mother tried to discourage me in the beginning but seeing my determination supported me through thick and thin. Thank you dad, thank you mom, I hope I don't let you down now. I promise I will behave this time. I would like to thank Michelle, my designer for the outstanding evening gowns that she created. The dresses went a long way in attracting big crowds. People were curious to see how I would look at every event. The media was fantastic in portraying my pictures in the best light. The swimsuits that I auctioned helped me get money for my campaign. I must also thank Diana, my hair stylist for her unstinting support. The new styles she created were ones that the public personally adored. Their hard work has paid off and helped me win this hard-fought campaign Throughout my campaign all 17 of my dogs travelled with me across this vast nation. There were many difficulties they faced but they did not falter even once. They ate what was given to them and never complained about lack of sleep or comfort. Without them, I could never have fought so long or so strong. This brings me to the pet licensing policy and one of the first things to address is that an American will be allowed to keep a maximum of twenty animals in the house, without a licence. Before I started campaigning I had acted in some movies and none of them were great hits. Therefore another policy that I have decided to make is that every movie I act in must run in every theatre tax-free everyday. This must continue for one month†¦ I will not endorse anybody driving under the influence of alcohol because after the experience of being in jail for drunken driving, I realise that it is no fun. Teenagers and adults – listen to your President – don't drink and drive. However, this experience has not gone in vain. I appreciate the problems prisoners face in jail. The inmate's orange clothing is poorly designed. It made me look fat and clashed horribly with my hair. I hope during my term as President, I can address some of these issues. I propose to invite some of the world's top designers to suggest new designs for the inmate's clothing. A lot of people wondered why a successful fashion socialite and struggling singer like myself should run for the office of the nation's President. I would like to take this opportunity to explain one of the most important reasons for this decision. Most of you know that I have grown up in the lap of luxury and have never had to work for a living. However, some months ago, my grandfather decided to pledge his wealth to charity. My Porsche, BMW and Mercedes were repossessed. I was even evicted from my Fifth Avenue apartment in New York. This is why I had to stand for elections – to earn the salary that the President is paid with free accommodation and transportation thrown in. Come, my countrymen and join me to create a new page in history. Let us all work together in harmony to create a more fashionable and enjoyable TOMORROW. And for tonight†¦. LET†S PARTY!!